Xu, D.F., Xu, J. & Dai, L. Myopenia and musculoskeletal aging in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid Arthritis – Other Perspectives towards a Better Practice (2020).
El-Labban, A. S., Omar, H. A., El-Shereif, R. R., Ali, F. & El-Mansoury, T. M. Pattern of young and old onset rheumatoid arthritis (YORA and EORA) among a group of egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Med. Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet. Disord. 3, 25–31 (2010).
Google Scholar
Rasch, E. K., Hirsch, R., Paulose-Ram, R. & Hochberg, M. C. Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in persons 60 years of age and older in the United States: effect of different methods of case classification. Arthritis Rheum. 48, 917–926 (2003).
Google Scholar
Ma, J. D. et al. Muscle wasting, a neglected complication associated with physical dysfunction in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional observational study. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 50, 280–289 (2021).
Google Scholar
Fearon, K., Evans, W. J. & Anker, S. D. Myopenia-a new universal term for muscle wasting. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2, 1–3 (2011).
Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Ponce, F. et al. Myostatin levels and the risk of myopenia and rheumatoid cachexia in women with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Immunol. Res 2022, 7258152 (2022).
Google Scholar
Carnac, G., Vernus, B. & Bonnieu, A. Myostatin in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle. Curr. Genomics 8, 415–422 (2007).
Google Scholar
Wabe, N. & Wiese, M. D. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: physician and patient adherence issues in contemporary rheumatoid arthritis therapy. J. Eval. Clin. Pr. 23, 486–493 (2017).
Google Scholar
Aletaha, D. & Smolen, J. S. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis: A review. JAMA 320, 1360–1372 (2018).
Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. K. et al. Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review. Front Physiol. 3, 260 (2012).
Google Scholar
Landers-Ramos, R. Q. & Prior, S. J. The microvasculature and skeletal muscle health in aging. Exerc Sport Sci. Rev. 46, 172–179 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kunz, H. E. & Lanza, I. R. Age-associated inflammation and implications for skeletal muscle responses to exercise. Exp. Gerontol. 177, 112177 (2023).
Google Scholar
Narici, M. V. & Maffulli, N. Sarcopenia: characteristics, mechanisms and functional significance. Br. Med Bull. 95, 139–159 (2010).
Google Scholar
Thomas, D. R. Loss of skeletal muscle mass in aging: examining the relationship of starvation, sarcopenia and cachexia. Clin. Nutr. 26, 389–399 (2007).
Google Scholar
Fried, L. P. et al. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med Sci. 56, M146–M156 (2001).
Google Scholar
Bauer, J. et al. Sarcopenia: A time for action. An SCWD position paper. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 10, 956–961 (2019).
Google Scholar
Larsson, L. et al. Sarcopenia: aging-related loss of muscle mass and function. Physiol. Rev. 99, 427–511 (2019).
Google Scholar
Roubenoff, R. et al. Rheumatoid cachexia: cytokine-driven hypermetabolism accompanying reduced body cell mass in chronic inflammation. J. Clin. Invest 93, 2379–2386 (1994).
Google Scholar
Rajbhandary, R., Khezri, A. & Panush, R. S. Rheumatoid cachexia: What is it and why is it important? J. Rheumatol. 38, 406–408 (2011).
Google Scholar
Roubenoff, R. Rheumatoid cachexia: a complication of rheumatoid arthritis moves into the 21st century. Arthritis Res Ther. 11, 108 (2009).
Google Scholar
Gregersen, P. K., Silver, J. & Winchester, R. J. The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 30, 1205–1213 (1987).
Google Scholar
Mattey, D. L. et al. Independent association of rheumatoid factor and the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope with radiographic outcome in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 44, 1529–1533 (2001).
Google Scholar
Weyand, C. M., Hicok, K. C., Conn, D. L. & Goronzy, J. J. The influence of HLA-DRB1 genes on disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Intern Med 117, 801–806 (1992).
Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Gay, M. A. et al. Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis in elderly and polymyalgia rheumatica have similar patterns of HLA association. J. Rheumatol. 28, 122–125 (2001).
Google Scholar
Kim, E. J. et al. Shared epitope and radiologic progression are less prominent in elderly onset RA than young onset RA. Rheumatol. Int 33, 2135–2140 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hellier, J. P., Eliaou, J. F., Daurès, J. P., Sany, J. & Combe, B. HLA-DRB1 genes and patients with late onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 60, 531–533 (2001).
Google Scholar
Wu, H. et al. Interaction between RANKL and HLA-DRB1 genotypes may contribute to younger age at onset of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in an inception cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 50, 3093–3103 (2004).
Google Scholar
Zhang, T. P. et al. The contribution of genetic variation and aberrant methylation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway genes to rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol. 13, 823863 (2022).
Google Scholar
Huang, H. et al. Identification of key candidate genes and pathways in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis by integrated bioinformatical analysis. Front Genet 14, 1083615 (2023).
Google Scholar
Garatachea, N. & Lucía, A. Genes and the ageing muscle: A review on genetic association studies. Age (Dordr.) 35, 207–233 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wen, Y. P. & Yu, Z. G. Identifying shared genetic loci and common risk genes of rheumatoid arthritis associated with three autoimmune diseases based on large-scale cross-trait genome-wide association studies. Front Immunol. 14, 1160397 (2023).
Google Scholar
Shao, M. et al. Association of interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Clin. Rheumatol. 41, 411–419 (2022).
Google Scholar
Punzi, L. et al. Synovial fluid levels of proinflammatory interleukins and their inter-relationships in elderly vs younger onset rheumatoid arthritis. Aging (Milano) 8, 277–281 (1996).
Google Scholar
Miesel, R., Murphy, M. P. & Kröger, H. Enhanced mitochondrial radical production in patients with rheumatoid arthritis correlates with elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in plasma. Free Radic. Res. 25, 161–169 (1996).
Dodd, S. L., Gagnon, B. J., Senf, S. M., Hain, B. A. & Judge, A. R. ROS-mediated activation of NF-κB and Foxo during muscle disuse. Muscle Nerve 41, 110–113 (2010).
Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, A. Muscle wasting in rheumatoid arthritis: The role of oxidative stress. World J. Rheumatol. 4, 44–53 (2014).
Poniewierska-Baran, A., Bochniak, O., Warias, P. & Pawlik, A. Role of sirtuins in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 1532 (2023).
Fouani, M. et al. Heat shock proteins alterations in rheumatoid arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 5828 (2022).
Google Scholar
Gyebrovszki, B. et al. The role of IgG Fc region N-glycosylation in the pathomechanism of rheumatoid arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 5828 (2022).
Nishimura, K. et al. Meta-analysis: Diagnostic accuracy of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and rheumatoid factor for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Intern Med. 146, 797–808 (2007).
Google Scholar
Bizzaro, N. et al. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody titer predicts time to rheumatoid arthritis onset in patients with undifferentiated arthritis: Results from a 2-year prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 15, R16 (2013).
Google Scholar
Malmström, V., Catrina, A. I. & Klareskog, L. The immunopathogenesis of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: from triggering to targeting. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 17, 60–75 (2017).
Google Scholar
Padyukov, L. et al. A genome-wide association study suggests contrasting associations in ACPA-positive versus ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 259–265 (2011).
Google Scholar
Schuerwegh, A. J. et al. Evidence for a functional role of IgE anticitrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 2586–2591 (2010).
Google Scholar
van Dongen, H. et al. Efficacy of methotrexate treatment in patients with probable rheumatoid arthritis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 56, 1424–1432 (2007).
Google Scholar
Sellam, J. et al. B cell activation biomarkers as predictive factors for the response to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis: a six-month, national, multicenter, open-label study. Arthritis Rheum. 63, 933–938 (2011).
Google Scholar
Straub, R. H., Lehle, K., Herfarth, H., Weber, M., Falk, W., Preuner, J. & Schölmerich, J. Dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to other adrenal hormones during an acute inflammatory stressful disease state compared with chronic inflammatory disease: role of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 146, 365–374 (2002).
Bennett, J. L., Pratt, A. G., Dodds, R., Sayer, A. A. & Isaacs, J. D. Rheumatoid sarcopenia: loss of skeletal muscle strength and mass in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 19, 239–251 (2023).
Google Scholar
Zanders, L. et al. Sepsis induces interleukin 6, gp130/JAK2/STAT3, and muscle wasting. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 13, 713–727 (2022).
Google Scholar
Gamerith, F. et al. Differences in anti-Fab antibodies in adult and late onset rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. Int 13, 107–112 (1993).
Google Scholar
Mitra, A., Qaisar, R., Bose, B. & Sudheer, S. P. The elusive role of myostatin signaling for muscle regeneration and maintenance of muscle and bone homeostasis. Osteoporos. Sarcopenia 9, 1–7 (2023).
Google Scholar
Lin, J. Z. et al. Myokine myostatin is a novel predictor of one-year radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A prospective cohort study. Front Immunol. 13, 1005161 (2022).
Google Scholar
Itoh, Y., Saitoh, M. & Miyazawa, K. Smad3–STAT3 crosstalk in pathophysiological contexts. Acta Biochimica et. Biophysica Sin. 50, 82–90 (2018).
Google Scholar
Shaw, C. S., Clark, J. & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. The effect of exercise and nutrition on intramuscular fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 30, 13–34 (2010).
Google Scholar
Du, H. et al. Advanced glycation end products induce skeletal muscle atrophy and insulin resistance via activating ROS-mediated ER stress PERK/FOXO1 signaling. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 324, E279–E287 (2023).
Google Scholar
Johnson, D. E., O’Keefe, R. A. & Grandis, J. R. Targeting the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signalling axis in cancer.Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 15, 234–248 (2018).
Google Scholar
Eskiler, G. G. et al. IL-6 mediated JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in cancer patients with cachexia. Bratisl. Lek. Listy 66, 819–826 (2019).
Google Scholar
Huffman, K. M. et al. Molecular alterations in skeletal muscle in rheumatoid arthritis are related to disease activity, physical inactivity, and disability. Arthritis Res Ther. 19, 12 (2017).
Google Scholar
Healey, L. A. Subsets of rheumatoid arthritis in the aged. Arthritis Rheum. 29, 149 (1986).
Google Scholar
Healey, L. A. & Sheets, P. K. The relation of polymyalgia rheumatica to rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 15, 750–752 (1988).
Google Scholar
McCarty, D. J., O’Duffy, J. D., Pearson, L. & Hunter, J. B. Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema. RS3PE syndrome. Jama 254, 2763–2767 (1985).
Google Scholar
Inoue, K., Shichikawa, K., Nishioka, J. & Hirota, S. Older age onset rheumatoid arthritis with or without osteoarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 46, 908–911 (1987).
Google Scholar
Goemaere, S. et al. Onset of symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in relation to age, sex and menopausal transition. J. Rheumatol. 17, 1620–1622 (1990).
Google Scholar
Ferraccioli, G. F. et al. Clinical features, scintiscan characteristics and X-ray progression of late onset rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2, 157–161 (1984).
Google Scholar
Turkcapar, N. et al. Late onset rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and laboratory comparisons with younger onset patients. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 42, 225–231 (2006).
Google Scholar
van der Heijde, D. M. et al. Older versus younger onset rheumatoid arthritis: results at onset and after 2 years of a prospective followup study of early rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 18, 1285–1289 (1991).
Google Scholar
Chen, D. Y. et al. Proinflammatory cytokine profiles of patients with elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with younger-onset disease. Gerontology 55, 250–258 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lance, N. J. & Curran, J. J. Late-onset, seropositive, erosive rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 23, 177–182 (1993).
Google Scholar
Lin, J. Z. et al. Myopenia is associated with joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 10, 355–367 (2019).
Google Scholar
van Schaardenburg, D. et al. Outcome of rheumatoid arthritis in relation to age and rheumatoid factor at diagnosis. J. Rheumatol. 20, 45–52 (1993).
Google Scholar
Cho, S. K. et al. Do patients with elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis have severe functional disability? Semin Arthritis Rheum. 42, 23–31 (2012).
Google Scholar
Serhal, L., Lwin, M. N., Holroyd, C. & Edwards, C. J. Rheumatoid arthritis in the elderly: Characteristics and treatment considerations. Autoimmun. Rev. 19, 102528 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pan, J. et al. Muscle mass loss is associated with physical dysfunction in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Front Nutr. 9, 1007184 (2022).
Google Scholar
Siparsky, P. N., Kirkendall, D. T. & Garrett, W. E. Jr. Muscle changes in aging: understanding sarcopenia. Sports Health 6, 36–40 (2014).
Google Scholar
Keller, K. & Engelhardt, M. Strength and muscle mass loss with aging process. Age and strength loss. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 3, 346–350 (2013).
Google Scholar
Molino, S., Dossena, M., Buonocore, D. & Verri, M. Sarcopenic obesity: An appraisal of the current status of knowledge and management in elderly people. J. Nutr. Health Aging 20, 780–788 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zamboni, M., Mazzali, G., Fantin, F., Rossi, A. & Di Francesco, V. Sarcopenic obesity: a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc Dis. 18, 388–395 (2008).
Google Scholar
Lin, J. Z. et al. Neglected extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis patients with normal body mass index: reduced skeletal muscle overlapping overfat. Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis. 11, 2040622320975241 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kerekes, G. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and metabolic syndrome. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 10, 691–696 (2014).
Google Scholar
Baker, J. F. et al. Muscle deficits in rheumatoid arthritis contribute to inferior cortical bone structure and trabecular bone mineral density. J. Rheumatol. 44, 1777–1785 (2017).
Google Scholar
Cheng, K. Y. et al. Diagnosis of sarcopenia by evaluating skeletal muscle mass by adjusted bioimpedance analysis validated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 12, 2163–2173 (2021).
Google Scholar
Li, J., She, B., He, M., Yuan, C. & Li, N. Advances in imaging examination of bone density and bone quality. Endokrynol. Pol. 76, 29–39 (2025).
Google Scholar
Lin, J.Z. et al. Reduced skeletal muscle independently predicts 1-year aggravated joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet Dis. 12, 1759720×20946220 (2020).
Pease, C. T., Bhakta, B. B., Devlin, J. & Emery, P. Does the age of onset of rheumatoid arthritis influence phenotype?: a prospective study of outcome and prognostic factors. Rheumatol. (Oxf.) 38, 228–234 (1999).
Google Scholar
Calvo-Alén, J. et al. Outcome of late-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Rheumatol. 24, 485–489 (2005).
Google Scholar
Krams, T. et al. Effect of age at rheumatoid arthritis onset on clinical, radiographic, and functional outcomes: The ESPOIR cohort. Jt. Bone Spine 83, 511–515 (2016).
Google Scholar
Metsios, G. S. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease and physical exercise: a systematic review. Rheumatol. (Oxf.) 47, 239–248 (2008).
Google Scholar
Lee, D. M. & Weinblatt, M. E. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 358, 903–911 (2001).
Google Scholar
Ekdahl, C. & Broman, G. Muscle strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative study with healthy subjects. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51, 35–40 (1992).
Google Scholar
Li, Z. & Wang, X. Q. Clinical effect and biological mechanism of exercise for rheumatoid arthritis: A mini review. Front Immunol. 13, 1089621 (2022).
Google Scholar
de Jong, Z. et al. Is a long-term high-intensity exercise program effective and safe in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 48, 2415–2424 (2003).
Google Scholar
Häkkinen, A. Effectiveness and safety of strength training in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 16, 132–137 (2004).
Google Scholar
Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, A. et al. Individualised aerobic and resistance exercise training improves cardiorespiratory fitness and reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 1819–1825 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cooney, J. K. et al. Benefits of exercise in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Aging Res. 2011, 681640 (2011).
Google Scholar
Peres, D. et al. Effects of an exercise program and cold-water immersion recovery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): feasibility study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 20, 6128 (2023).
Google Scholar
Pedersen, B.K. Muscle as a secretory organ. in Comprehensive Physiology 1337-1362 (2013).
Mudano, A. S., Tugwell, P., Wells, G. A. & Singh, J. A. Tai Chi for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9, Cd004849 (2019).
Google Scholar
Imoto, A. M. et al. Evidence for the efficacy of Tai Chi for treating rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of systematic reviews. Sao Paulo Med J. 139, 91–97 (2021).
Google Scholar
Han, A. et al. Tai chi for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD004849 (2004).
Sagtaganov, Z., Yessirkepov, M. & Bekaryssova, D. Yoga as a complementary therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: A case-based review. Rheumatol. Int 44, 1575–1579 (2024).
Google Scholar
Sagtaganov, Z., Yessirkepov, M., Bekaryssova, D. & Suigenbayev, D. Managing rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease: the role of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Rheumatol. Int. 44, 1749–1756 (2024).
Al-Qubaeissy, K. Y., Fatoye, F. A., Goodwin, P. C. & Yohannes, A. M. The effectiveness of hydrotherapy in the management of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Musculoskelet. Care 11, 3–18 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gioia, C., Lucchino, B., Tarsitano, M. G., Iannuccelli, C. & Di Franco, M. Dietary habits and nutrition in rheumatoid arthritis: can diet influence disease development and clinical manifestations? Nutrients 12, 1456 (2020).
Yao, X., Li, H. & Leng, S. X. Inflammation and immune system alterations in frailty. Clin. Geriatr. Med 27, 79–87 (2011).
Google Scholar
Dent, E., Kowal, P. & Hoogendijk, E. O. Frailty measurement in research and clinical practice: A review. Eur. J. Intern Med 31, 3–10 (2016).
Google Scholar
de Vries, N. M. et al. Outcome instruments to measure frailty: A systematic review. Ageing Res. Rev. 10, 104–114 (2011).
Google Scholar
Haider, S. et al. Frailty in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients of working age: A cross-sectional study. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 37, 585–592 (2019).
Google Scholar
Armstrong, E. J., Harskamp, C. T. & Armstrong, A. W. Psoriasis and major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2, e000062 (2013).
Google Scholar
Avina-Zubieta, J. A., Thomas, J., Sadatsafavi, M., Lehman, A. J. & Lacaille, D. Risk of incident cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71, 1524–1529 (2012).
Google Scholar
Filimon, A. M. et al. Cardiovascular involvement in inflammatory bowel disease: Dangerous liaisons. World J. Gastroenterol. 21, 9688–9692 (2015).
Google Scholar
Soubrier, M. et al. Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Jt. Bone Spine 81, 298–302 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ahlehoff, O. et al. Psoriasis is associated with clinically significant cardiovascular risk: a Danish nationwide cohort study. J. Intern Med 270, 147–157 (2011).
Google Scholar
Brady, S. R. et al. The role of traditional cardiovascular risk factors among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 36, 34–40 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lindhardsen, J. et al. The risk of myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 929–934 (2011).
Google Scholar
del Rincón, I. et al. Systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors predict rapid progression of atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 1118–1123 (2015).
Google Scholar
Zou, Y. W. et al. Association between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A cross-sectional study of Chinese cohort. Front Cardiovasc Med 9, 884636 (2022).
Google Scholar
Zou, Y. W. et al. Prevalence and influence of hypouricemia on cardiovascular diseases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur. J. Med Res 27, 260 (2022).
Google Scholar
Go, A. S. et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2014 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 129, e28–e292 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kalogeropoulos, A. et al. Inflammatory markers and incident heart failure risk in older adults: The Health ABC (Health, Aging, and Body Composition) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55, 2129–2137 (2010).
Google Scholar
Aslam, F., Bandeali, S. J., Khan, N. A. & Alam, M. Diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken) 65, 534–543 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cioffi, G. et al. Prognostic role of subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction evaluated by speckle-tracking echocardiography in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 30, 602–611 (2017).
Google Scholar
Foster, W., Carruthers, D., Lip, G. Y. & Blann, A. D. Inflammation and microvascular and macrovascular endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: effect of treatment. J. Rheumatol. 37, 711–716 (2010).
Google Scholar
Marti, C. N. et al. Endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 60, 1455–1469 (2012).
Google Scholar
Midtbø, H., Semb, A. G., Matre, K., Kvien, T. K. & Gerdts, E. Disease activity is associated with reduced left ventricular systolic myocardial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76, 371–376 (2017).
Google Scholar
Paulus, W. J. & Tschöpe, C. A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 62, 263–271 (2013).
Google Scholar
Fan, F. et al. Comparison of inflammation, arterial stiffness and traditional cardiovascular risk factors between rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. J. Inflamm. (Lond.) 11, 29 (2014).
Google Scholar
Mantel, Ä., Holmqvist, M., Andersson, D. C., Lund, L. H. & Askling, J. Association between rheumatoid arthritis and risk of ischemic and nonischemic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 69, 1275–1285 (2017).
Google Scholar
Nicola, P. J. et al. The risk of congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study over 46 years. Arthritis Rheum. 52, 412–420 (2005).
Google Scholar
Khalid, U. et al. Incident heart failure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide cohort study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 7, e007227 (2018).
Avouac, J. et al. Inflammation and disease activity are associated with high circulating cardiac markers in rheumatoid arthritis independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. J. Rheumatol. 41, 248–255 (2014).
Google Scholar
Masoud, S., Lim, P. B., Kitas, G. D. & Panoulas, V. Sudden cardiac death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. World J. Cardiol. 9, 562–573 (2017).
Google Scholar
Peters, M. J. et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 325–331 (2010).
Google Scholar
Finckh, A., Liang, M. H., van Herckenrode, C. M. & de Pablo, P. Long-term impact of early treatment on radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 55, 864–872 (2006).
Google Scholar
Wu, D. et al. Systemic complications of rheumatoid arthritis: Focus on pathogenesis and treatment. Front Immunol. 13, 1051082 (2022).
Google Scholar
Fuchs, H. A., Kaye, J. J., Callahan, L. F., Nance, E. P. & Pincus, T. Evidence of significant radiographic damage in rheumatoid arthritis within the first 2 years of disease. J. Rheumatol. 16, 585–591 (1989).
Google Scholar
Cohen, S. & Emery, P. The American college of rheumatology/european league against rheumatism criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis: a game changer. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 1575–1576 (2010).
Google Scholar
Guo, Q. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies. Bone Res. 6, 15 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ben Mrid, R. et al. Anti-rheumatoid drugs advancements: New insights into the molecular treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed. Pharmacother. 151, 113126 (2022).
Google Scholar
Fraenkel, L. et al. American college of rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken) 73, 924–939 (2021).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S. et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 3–18 (2023).
Google Scholar
Tutuncu, Z., Reed, G., Kremer, J. & Kavanaugh, A. Do patients with older-onset rheumatoid arthritis receive less aggressive treatment? Ann. Rheum. Dis. 65, 1226–1229 (2006).
Google Scholar
Walker, J. & Wynne, H. Review: the frequency and severity of adverse drug reactions in elderly people. Age Ageing 23, 255–259 (1994).
Google Scholar
Mueller, R. B. et al. Does addition of glucocorticoids to the initial therapy influence the later course of the disease in patients with early RA? Results from the Swiss prospective observational registry (SCQM). Clin. Rheumatol. 36, 59–66 (2017).
Google Scholar
Genevay, S. et al. Tolerance and effectiveness of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapies in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 57, 679–685 (2007).
Google Scholar
Bathon, J. M. et al. Safety and efficacy of etanercept treatment in elderly subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 33, 234–243 (2006).
Google Scholar
Pers, Y. M. et al. Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Jt. Bone Spine 82, 25–30 (2015).
Google Scholar
Curtis, J. R. et al. Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in older and younger patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 35, 390–400 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kobak, S. & Bes, C. An autumn tale: geriatric rheumatoid arthritis. Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis. 10, 3–11 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bermejo-Álvarez, I. et al. Effects of tofacitinib on muscle remodeling in experimental rheumatoid sarcopenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 13181 (2023).
Rolland, Y., Dray, C., Vellas, B. & Barreto, P. S. Current and investigational medications for the treatment of sarcopenia. Metabolism 149, 155597 (2023).
Liu, H. et al. Associations between sarcopenia and circulating branched-chain amino acids: a cross-sectional study over 100,000 participants. BMC Geriatr. 24, 541 (2024).
Minamino, H. et al. Serum vitamin D status inversely associates with a prevalence of severe sarcopenia among female patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Sci. Rep. 11, 20485 (2021).
Gwinnutt, J. M. et al. Effects of diet on the outcomes of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs): systematic review and meta-analyses informing the 2021 EULAR recommendations for lifestyle improvements in people with RMDs. RMD Open 8, e002167 (2022).
Lanchais, K., Capel, F. & Tournadre, A. Could omega-3 fatty acids preserve muscle health in rheumatoid arthritis? Nutrients 12, 223 (2020).
Pope, J. E. Management of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 6, e001084 (2020).
link
More Stories
The Best Time To Drink Bone Broth for Collagen, Joint Health, and More
Why It Happens, How to Treat It
Why UK businesses lose productivity by misunderstanding bone and joint health – London Business News